This report provides an overview of the evolution of IPLC rights within the United Nations within the CBD in light of the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) in December 2022. It analyses the recognition of these rights in CBD and Conference of the Parties (COP) decisions, focusing on trends from 2010 to 2022. It analyses the underlying factors, challenges and successful advocacy strategies that led to strengthening recognition of these rights in the CBD.