Gender Politics in Global Governance

Description

This course explores the way feminist activism has affected policies in international organizations, the way international organizations have worked to advance gender equality, and the political effects of international gender equality policies. It surveys movement, legal and organizational strategies, and explores gender politics in currently salient issue areas ranging from violence and peacemaking to development and international economic restructuring.

The course is conceptualized as a research seminar. It introduces students to contemporary discussions on gender politics in global governance through targeted readings. And it allows students to deepen their knowledge on one topic by developing a research paper. The purpose of the course is two-fold. First, it seeks to introduce students to international feminist policy debates and the contributions of scholars to these debates. Second, it is designed to strengthen students’ research and presentation skills. 
 

Requirements

The course combines research and reading. Students are expected to participate in the following ways:

1. Students write a major research paper (ca. 20 pages +/-3) on one of the topics of discussion identified in the syllabus and further narrowed down with the help of the instructor or teaching assistant. They conduct their research and write the paper in the course of the semester. Draft proposals are due on February 28. Final papers are due in my mailbox on June 6 at noon. Feed-back on preliminary paper drafts is provided by the teaching assistant Emily. Drafts may be submitted to Emily at any time throughout the semester but may be submitted no later than May 16th.

 

2. Students present their research findings in class. These findings introduce class discussion for the week assigned. Presentations in the early part of the semester have the character of a research proposal and are about 10 minutes long, those in the later the part of the semester report preliminary findings and take up to 20 minutes.

 

3. Joint readings provide the basis of our common deliberations. You are expected to have read weekly assigned materials before class. Furthermore, you are expected to prepare at least three interventions for discussion (questions, comments, insights). These interventions need to be submitted in written form (about half a page or a page) at the beginning of the class.

 

4. Every week, we discuss students’ research reports in conjunction with our joint readings. You are expected to react to the presentation(s) in an informed manner based on the week’s assigned readings.

 

Your grade will consist of the following:

Research Paper:	50 percent
Research Presentation:	20 percent
Reading Interventions:	20 percent
Participation:	10 percent

 

Course Outline

 

February 21 – Introduction: What is Gender? What is the Global? What is Governance?
 

 

FEMINIST STRATEGIES IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

February 28 –  Activism: Movements, Advocacy Networks, NGOs

DRAFT RESEARCH PROPOSALS DUE

• Mary E. Hawkesworth, Outsiders, Insiders, and Outsiders Within: Feminist Strategies for Global Transformation. In M.E. Hawkesworth, Globalization and Feminist Activism. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.
• Aili Mari Tripp, The Evolution of Transnational Feminisms: Consensus, Conflict, and New Dynamics. In Myra Marx Feree and Aili Mari Tripp, eds., Global Feminism: Transnational Women’s Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights, pp. 51-75. New York: NYU Press.
• Sonia E. Alvarez et al. Encountering Latin American and Caribbean Feminisms. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28, 2 (Winter 2003): 537 (47). 

Recommended:

• Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
• Amrita Basu, ed. The Challenge of Local Feminisms: Women’s Movements in Global Perspective. Boulder: Westview, 1995.
• Joan W. Scott, Cora Kaplan, and Debra Keates, eds., Transitions, Environments, Translations: Feminisms in International Politics. New York: Routledge, 1997.

March 7 – Gender Politics in International and Regional Organizations

• Margaret Snyder, Unlikely Godmother: The UN and the Global Women’s Movement. In Myra Marx Feree and Aili Mari Tripp, eds., Global Feminism: Transnational Women’s Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights, pp. 24-50. New York: NYU Press.
• Melinda Adams, Regional Women’s Activism: African Women’s Networks and the African Union. In Myra Marx Feree and Aili Mari Tripp, eds., Global Feminism: Transnational Women’s Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights, pp. 187-218. New York: NYU Press.
• Sylvia Walby, The European Union and Gender Equality: Emergent Varieties of Gender Regime. Social Politics 11,1 (Spring 2004): 4-29.

Recommended:

• Devaki Jain, Women, Development, and the UN: A Sixty-Year Quest for Equality and Justice. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Mary K. Meyer and Elisabeth Prügl, eds., Gender Politics in Global Governance. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999, Part I.
• Berkovitch, Nitza, From Motherhood to Citizenship: Women’s Rights and International Organizations. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
• Elisabeth Prügl, The Global Construction of Gender: Home-based Work in the Political Economy of the 20th Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.

March 14 – Gender Mainstreaming

• Jacqui True, Mainstreaming Gender in Global Public Policy. International Feminist Journal of Politics 5, 3 (November 2003): 368-396.
• Judith Squires, Is Mainstreaming Transformative? Theorizing Mainstreaming in the Context of Diversity and Deliberation. Social Politics 12, 3 (Fall 2005): 366-388.
• Elisabeth Prügl, Does Gender Mainstreaming Work? Feminist Engagements with the German Agricultural State. International Feminist Journal of Politics 11, 2 (May 2009): 174-195.

Recommended:

• Rounaq Jahan, The Elusive Agenda: Mainstreaming Women in Development. London: Zed Books, 1995.
• Moser Caroline and Annalise Moser. 2005. Gender Mainstreaming Since Beijing: A Review of Success and Limitations in International Institutions. In Mainstreaming Gender in Development: A Critical Review, eds. Fenella Porter and Caroline Sweetman, 11-22. Oxford: Oxfam.
• Debbie Budlender, The Political Economy of Women’s Budgets in the South. World Development 28, 7 (2000): 1365-1378.
• Elson, Diane, Engendering Government Budgets in the Context of Globalization(s). International Feminist Journal of Politics 6, 4 (December 2004): 623-642.
• Carol Miller and Shahra Razavi, eds. Missionaries and Mandarins: Feminist Engagement with Development Institutions. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1998.
• Anne Marie Goetz, ed. Getting Institutions Right for Women in Development. New York: Zed Books, 1997.
• Emilie Hafner-Burton and Mark A. Pollack, Mainstreaming Gender in Global Governance. European Journal of International Relations 8, 3 (2002): 339-373.

March 21 – Equal Rights:  Translating CEDAW

• Catharine MacKinnon, Introduction: Women’s Status, Men’s States. In C. MacKinnon, Are Women Human? And Other International Dialogues, pp. 1-14 and pp. 64-67. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
• Sally Engle Merry, Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle. American Anthropologist 108, 1 (March 2006): 38-51.
• Moya Lloyd, (Women’s) Human Rights: Paradoxes and Possibilities. Review of International Studies 33, 1 (January 2007): 91-103.

Recommended:

• N. Rajaram and Vaishali Zararia, Translating Women’s Human Rights in a Globalizing World: The Spiral Process in Reducing Gender Injustice in Baroda, India. Global Networks 9, 4 (October 2009): 462-484.
• Susanne Zwingel, From Intergovernmental Negotiations to (Sub)national Change: A Transnational Perspective on the Impact of CEDAW. International Feminist Journal of Politics 7, 3 (September 2005): 400-424.
• Mark M. Gray, Miki Caul Kittilson, and Wayne Sandholtz, Women and Globalization: A Study of 180 Countries, 1975-2000. International Organization 60 (Spring 2006): 293-333.
• Kardam, Nüket, The Emerging Global Gender Equality Regime from Neoliberal and Constructivist Perspectives in International Relations. International Feminist Journal of Politics 6, 1 (March 2004): 85-109.
• Hilary Charlesworth, Christine Chinkin and Shelley Wright, Feminist Approaches to International Law. American Journal of International Law 85, 613 (1991).

March 28 – Women, Gender and Political Participation

• Neema Kudva and Kajri Misra, Gender Quotas, the Politics of Presence, and the Feminist Project: What Does the Indian Experience Tell Us? Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 34, 1 (2008): 49 (25).
• Mona Lena Krook, Joni Lovenduski and Judith Squires, Gender Quotas and Models of Political Citizenship. British Journal of Political Science 39, 4 (2009): 781-803.
• Anne Phillips, Democracy and Representation: Or, Why Should It Matter Who Our Representatives Are? In Feminism and Politics, ed. Anne Phillips, pp. 224-240. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Recommended:

• Ron Inglehart and Pippa Norris, Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change around the World. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003; Chapters 5 and 6.
• Mona Lena Krook, Reforming Representation: The Diffusion of Candidate Gender Quotas Worldwide. Politics and Gender 2,3 (2006): 303-327.
• Ratna M. Sudarshan, Engendering Governance: A Preliminary Enquiry into Formal and Informal Institutions. In Smita Mishra Panda, Engendering Governance Institutions: State, Market and Civil Society, pp. 249-264. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2008.
• Comparative Perspectives Symposium: Challenges to Women’s Leadership. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 34, 1 (Autumn 2008).
• Critical Perspectives on Gender and Politics. Politics and Gender 4, 3 (September 2008): 473-519.

GOVERNING SECURITY/GOVERNING BODIES

April 4 – Gender and War

• Cynthia Enloe, What if Patriarchy is ‘the Big Picture?’ An Afterword. In Dyan Mazurana, Angela Raven-Roberts, and Jane Papart, eds. Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.
• Symposium – War and Gender (by Joshua Goldstein): Matthew Evangelista, Rough-and-Tumble World: Men Writing about Gender and War; and Elisabeth Prügl, Gender and War: Causes, Constructions, and Critique, in Perspectives on Politics 1, 2 (June 2003): 327-342.
• Kimberly Hutchings, Making Sense of Masculinity and War. Men and Masculinities 10, 4 (June 2008): 389-404.

Recommended:

• Helen Kinsella, “Securing the Civilian: Sex and Gender in the Laws of War.” In Power and Global Governance, eds. Michael N. Barnett and Raymond Duvall. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
• Carpenter, R. Charli, “Women and Children First”: Gender, Norms and Humanitarian Evacuation in the Balkans 1991-95. International Organization 57, 4 (2003): 661-694.
• Sjoberg, Laura, The Gendered Realities of the Immunity Principle: Why Gender Analysis Needs Feminism. International Studies Quarterly 50, 4 (December 2006):  889-910.
• Joshua Goldstein, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
• Various of Cynthia Enloe’s books, including:

-Does Kahki Become You?

-Bananas, Beaches and Bases

-The Morning After

-Maneuvers

• Jean B. Elshtain, Women and War. University of Chicago Press, 1987.
• Judith H. Stiehm, The Protected, the Protector, the Defender. Women’s Studies International Forum 5, 3-4 (1982): 367-376.
• Betty Reardon, Sexism and the War System. New York: Teachers’ College Press, 1985.

April 11 – Women and Peace

• Mary Caprioli and Mark A. Boyer, Gender, Violence, and International Crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution 45, 4 (2001): 503 (16).
• Valerie M. Hudson, Mary Caprioli, Bonnie Ballif-Spanvill, Rose McDermott, and Chad F. Emmett, The Heart of the Matter: The Security of Women and the Security of States. International Security 33, 3 (Winter 2008/09): 7-45.
• Jean Bethke Elshtain, The Problem with Peace. In Women, Militarism and War: Essays in History, Politics, and Social Theory, eds. Jean Bethke Elshtain and Sheila Tobias, pp. 255-270. Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Recommended:

• Mary Caprioli, Primed for Violence: The Role of Gender Inequality in Predicting Internal Conflict. International Studies Quarterly 49 (2005): 161-178.
• Erik Melander, Gender Equality and Intrastate Armed Conflict. International Studies Quarterly 49 (2005): 695-714.
• Patrick M. Regan and Aida Paskeviciute, Women’s Access to Politics and Peaceful States. Journal of Peace Research 40, 3 (May 2003): 287-302.
• Mary Caprioli, Gendered Conflict. Journal of Peace Research 37, 1 (2000): 53-68.
• Mark Tessler. Jodi Nachtwey, and Audra Grant, Further Tests of the Women and Peace Hypothesis: Evidence from Cross-National Survey Research in the Middle East. International Studies Quarterly 43, 3 (September 1999): 519-531.
• Mark Tessler and Ina Warriner, Gender, Feminism, and Attitudes toward International Conflict: Exploring Relationships with Survey Data from the Middle East. World Politics 49, 2 (January 1997): 250-281.

 

April 18 –  Wartime Sexual Violence/Transitional Justice

• Maria Eriksson Baaz and Maria Stern, Why Do Soliders Rape? Masculinity, Violence, and Sexuality in the Armed Forces in the Congo (DRC). International Studies Quarterly 53 (2009): 495-518.
• Michele L. Leiby, Wartime Sexual Violence in Guatemala and Peru. International Studies Quarterly 53 (2009): 445-468.
• Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Women, Security, and the Patriarchy of International Transitional Justice. Human Rights Quarterly 31, 4 (November 2009): 1055-1085.

Recommended:

• Kathryn Farr, Extreme War Rape in Today’s Civil-War-Torn States: A Contextual and Comparative Analysis. Gender Issues 26 (2009): 1-41.
• Donna Pankhurst, ed., Gendered Peace: Women’s Struggles for Post-war Justice and Reconciliation. Routledge 2007. 
• Brigitte  M. Holzner, Wars, Bodies, and Development. In Experiencing War, ed. Christine Sylvester, pp. 42-63. London: Routledge.

April 25 – Easter Break

Mai 2 – Post-war Reconstruction

• Carol Cohn, Mainstreaming Gender in UN Security Policy: A Path to Political Transformation. In Shirin M. Rai and Georgina Waylen, eds., Global Governance: Feminist Perspectives, pp. 185-206. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
• Heidi Hudson, Peacebuilding Through a Gender Lens and the Challenges of Implementation in Rwanda and Côte D’Ivoire. Security Studies 18, 2 (2009): 287-318.

Recommended:

• Mary Caprioli and Kimberly Lynn Douglass, Nation Building and Women: The Effect of Intervention on Women’s Agency. Foreign Policy Analysis 4 (2008): 45-65.
• Theodora-Ismene Gizelis, Gender Empowerment and United Nations Peacebuilding. Journal of Peace Research 46, 4 (2009): 505-523.
• Megan MacKenzie, Securitization and Desecuritization: Female Soliders and the Reconstruction of Women in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone. Security Studies 18, 2: 241-61.
• Kathleen M. Jennings, The Political Economy of DDR in Liberia: A Gendered Critique. Conflict, Security and Development 9, 4 (2009): 475-794.
• Hilary Charlesworth, Are Women Peaceful? Reflections on the Role of Women in Peace-Building. Feminist Legal Studies 16, 3 (December 2008): 347-361.
• Sherill Whittington, Gender and Peacekeeping: The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28, 4 (Summer 2003): 1283 (7).
• Laura J. Shepherd, Power and Authority in the Production of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325. International Studies Quarterly 52 (2008): 3838-404.
• Torunn L. Tryggestad, Trick or Treat? The UN and Implementation  of Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security. Global Governance 15 (2009): 539-557.
• Louise Chappell, The International Criminal Court: A New Arena for Transforming Gender Justice. In Shirin M. Rai and Georgina Waylen, eds., Global Governance: Feminist Perspectives, pp. 160-184. Houndsmill: Palgrave, Macmillan, 2008.
• Razack, Sherene H., Dark Threats and White Knights: The Somalia Affair, Peacekeeping and the New Imperialism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.
• Sandra Whitworth, Men, Militarism, and UN Peacekeeping: A Gendered Analysis. Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner, 2004.
• Olsson, Louise, and Torunn L. Tryggestad, eds., Women and International Peacekeeping. London: Frank Cass, 2001.

Mai 9 – Violence against Women

• Sally Engle Merry, Human Rights and Transnational Culture: Regulating Gender Violence through Global Law. 44 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 53,1 (2006).
• Bettina Shell-Duncan, From Health to Human Rights: Female Genital Cutting and the Politics of Intervention. American Anthropologist 110, 2 (June 2008): 225-236.
• Ratna Kapur, The Tragedy of Victimization Rhetoric: Resurrecting the “Native” Subject in International/Post-colonial Feminist Legal Politics. Harvard Human Rights Journal 15 (2002): 1-37.

 
Recommended:

• Jane Freedman, Protecting Women Asylum Seekers and Refugees: From International Norms to National Protection. International Migration 48, 1 (2009): 175-198.
• Isabelle Gunning, “Arrogant Perception, World Traveling and Multicultural Feminism: The Case of Female Genital Surgeries,” Columbia Human Rights Law Review 23 (1992).
• Catharine MacKinnon, Women’s September 11: Rethinking the International Law of Conflict. In C. MacKinnon, Are Women Human? And Other International Dialogues, pp. 259-278. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
• Sally Engle Merry, Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
• Jutta M. Joachim, Agenda Setting, the UN, and NGOs: Gender Violence and Reproductive Rights. Georgetown University Press, 2007.
• Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Transnational Networks on Violence against Women, in M.E. Keck and K. Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders, pp. 165-198. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

GOVERNING ECONOMIES

Mai 16 – Economic Governance: Development

• Diane Elson, Gender Equality and Economic Growth in the World Bank “World Development Report 2006.” Feminist Economics 15, 3 (2009): 35-59.
• Bedford, Kate, Governing Intimacy in the World Bank. In Global Governance: Feminist Perspectives, eds. Shirin M. Rai and Georgina Waylen, pp. 84-106. Houndsmill: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
• Bakker, Isabella, Neo-liberal Governance and the Reprivatization of Social Reproduction: Social Provisioning and Shifting Gender Orders. In Power, Production and Social Reproduction, eds. Isabella Bakker and Stephen  Gill, pp. 66-82. Houndsmill and New York: Palgrave, 2003.

Recommended:

• Mayra Buvinic, Andrew R. Morrison, A. Waafas Ofosu-Amaah, and Mirja Sjöblom, eds. Equality for Women: Where Do We Stand on Millennium Development Goals 3? Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2008.
• Benería, Lourdes, On Development, Gender, and Economics. Chapter 1 in L. Benería, Gender, Development, and Globalization: Economics as if All People Mattered. New York, London: Routledge, 2003.
• Shahrra Razavi, The Gendered Impacts of Liberalization: Towards “Embedded Liberalism”? In S. Razavi, ed., The Gendered Impact of Liberalization: Towards “Embedded Liberalism”?, pp. 1-34. New York: Routledge, 2009.
• Peterson, V. Spike, A Critical Rewriting of Global Political Economy: Integrating Reproductive, Productive and Virtual Economies. London, New York: Routledge 2003.
• Georgina Waylen, Putting Governance into the Gendered Political Economy of Globalization. International Feminist Journal of Politics 6, 4 (December 2004): 557-578.
• Prügl, Elisabeth, Gender and the Making of Global Markets: An Exploration of the Agricultural Sector. In Global Governance: Feminist Perspectives, eds. Shirin M. Rai and Georgina Waylen, pp. 43-63. Houndsmill: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
• Bergeron, Suzanne, Political Economy Discourses of Globalization and Feminist Politics. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 26, 4 (Summer 2001): 983-1006.
• Kate Bedford, Developing Partnerships: Gender, Sexuality, and the Reformed World Bank. University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
• Elson, Diane, Gender at the Macroeconomic Level. In Towards a Gendered Political Economy, eds. Joanne Cook, Jennifer Roberts and Georgina Waylen, pp. 77-97. Houndsmill, UK: Macmillan Press, 2002.
• Elson, Diane and Nilufer Catagay, The Social Content of Macroeconomic Policies. World Development 28, 7 (2002): 1347-1364.
• Lourdes Benería and Gita Sen, Class and Gender Inequalities and Women’s Role in Economic Development: Theoretical and Practical Implications. Feminist Studies 8, 1 (Spring 1982): 157-176.

Mai 23 – Economic Governance: Trade and Finance

• Jacqui True, Trading-Off Gender Equality for Global Europe? The European Union and Free Trade Agreements. European Foreign Affairs Review 14 (2009): 723-742.
• Liebowitz, Debra J., Governing Globalization: Feminist Engagements with International Trade Policy. In Global Governance: Feminist Perspectives, eds. Shirin M. Rai and Georgina Waylen, pp. 207-233. Houndsmill: Palgrave Macmillan (2008).
• Brigitte Young, Gender and the Technocratic Network of Governance in Finance. Paper presented at the Graduate Institute conference on Gender Politics in International Governance, Geneva, 6-8 October 2010.

Recommended:

• Helene Schuberth and Brigitte Young, The Role of Gender in Financial Market Regulation. In B. Young, Isa Bakker, and Diane Elson, Gender and Macroeconomic Governance. Forthcoming.
• Elisabeth Prügl, “If Lehman Brothers Had Been Lehman Sisters …”: Gender and Myth in the Aftermath of the Financial Crisis. International Political Sociology, forthcoming.
• True, Jacqui, Gender Mainstreaming and Regional Trade Governance in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). In Global Governance: Feminist Perspectives, eds. Shirin M. Rai and Georgina Waylen, pp. 129-159. Houndsmill: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2008.

May 30 – Migration and Trafficking: The Internationalization of Care Economies

• Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar, The Care Crisis in the Philippines: Children and Transnational Families in the New Global Economy. In Global Woman, eds. B. Ehrenreich and A. R. Hochschild, pp. 39-54. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2002.
• Aihwa Ong, A Bio-Carthography: Maids, Neo-Slavery, and NGOs. In Seyla Benhabib and Judith Resnik, eds., Migrations and Mobilities: Citizenship, Borders, and Gender, pp. 157-184. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
• Jacqueline Berman, (Un)Popular Strangers and Crises (Un)Bounded: Discourses of Sex-trafficking, the European Political Community and the Panicked State of the Modern State. European Journal of International Relations 9, 1 (March 2003): 37-86.

Recommended:

• Laura M. Agustín, Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry. London: Zed, 2007.
• Agathangelou, Anna, “Sexing” Globalization in International Relations: Migrant Sex and Domestic Workers in Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey. In Power, Postcolonialism and International Relations, eds. Geeta Chowdhry and Sheila Nair, pp. 142-169. London: Routledge, 2002.
• Ehrenreich, Barbara and Arlie Russell Hochschild, eds., Global Women: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. New York: Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company, 2002.
• Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar, Transgressing the Nation-State: The Partial Citizenship and ‘Imagined (Global) Community’ of Migrant Filipina Domestic Workers. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 26, 4 (Summer 2001): 1129-1154.
• Hooper, Charlotte, Masculinities in Transition: The Case of Globalization. In Gender and Global Restructuring: Sightings, Sites and Resistances, eds. Marianne M. Marchand and Anne Sisson Runyan, pp. 59-73. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
• Kimberly A. Chang and L.H.M. Ling, Globalization and its Intimate Other: Filipina Domestic Workers in Hong Kong. In Marianne H. Marchand and Anne Sisson Runyan, eds., Gender and Global Restructuring: Sightings, Sites and Resistances, pp. 27-43. London and New York: Routledge.
• Leah Briones, Empowering Migrant Women: Why Agency and Rights are not Enough. Ashgate, 2009.

June 6 – FINAL PAPER DUE